Opinions or
points of view expressed in this document represent a consensus of the authors
and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of
Justice.
The
National Institute of Justice is a component of the Office of Justice Programs,
which also includes the Bureau of Justice Assistance, the Bureau of Justice
Statistics, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and the
Office for Victims of Crime.
Message From the Attorney General
|
T |
he
investigation conducted at the scene of an explosion or bombing
plays a vital role
in uncovering the truth about the incident. The
evidence recovered can be critical in identifying,
charging, and ultimately convicting suspected criminals. For this reason, it is
absolutely essential that the evidence be collected in a professional manner
that will yield successful laboratory analyses. One way of ensuring that we, as
investigators, obtain evidence of the highest quality and utility is to follow
sound protocols in our investigations.
Recent cases in the criminal justice system have
brought to light the need for heightened investigative practices at all crime
scenes. In order to raise the standard of practice in explosion and bombing
investigations of both small and large scale, in both rural and urban
jurisdictions, the National Institute of Justice teamed with the National
Center for Forensic Science at the University of Central Florida to initiate a
national effort. Together they convened a technical working group of law
enforcement and legal practitioners, bomb technicians and investigators, and
forensic laboratory analysts to explore the development of improved procedures
for the identification, collection, and preservation of evidence at explosion
and bombing scenes.
This Guide was produced with the dedicated
and enthusiastic participation of the seasoned professionals who served on the
Technical Working Group for Bombing Scene Investigation. These 32 individuals
brought together knowledge and practical experience from Federal law
enforcement agencies—as well as from large and small jurisdictions across the
United States—with expertise from national organizations and abroad. I applaud
their efforts to work together over the course of 2 years in developing this
consensus of recommended practices for public safety personnel.
iii
In developing its investigative procedures, every
jurisdiction should give careful consideration to those recommended in this Guide and to its own unique local
conditions and logistical circumstances. Although factors that vary among
investigations may call for different approaches or even preclude the use of
certain procedures described in the Guide,
consideration of the Guide’s
recommendations may be invaluable to a jurisdiction shaping its own protocols.
As such, A Guide for Explosion and
Bombing Scene Investigation is an important tool for refining investigative
practices dealing with these incidents, as we continue our search for truth.
Janet
Reno
iv
Message From the President of the
University of Central Florida
|
T |
he University of Central Florida (UCF) is proud to take a
leading role in
the investigation of fire and explosion scenes
through the establishment of the National Center for
Forensic Science (NCFS). The work of the Center’s faculty, staff, and students,
in cooperation with the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), has helped produce
the NIJ Research Report A Guide for
Explosion and Bombing Scene Investigation.
More than 150 graduates of UCF’s 25-year-old program
in forensic science are now working in crime laboratories across the country.
Our program enjoys an ongoing partnership with NIJ to increase knowledge and
awareness of fire and explosion scene investigation. We anticipate that this type
of mutually beneficial partnership between the university, the criminal justice
system, and private industry will become even more prevalent in the future.
As the authors of this Guide indicate, the field of explosion and bombing investigation
lacks nationally coordinated investigative protocols. NCFS recognizes the need
for this coordination. The Center maintains and updates its training criteria
and tools so that it may serve as a national resource for public safety
personnel who may encounter an explosion or bombing scene in the line of duty.
I encourage interested and concerned
public safety personnel to use A Guide
for Explosion and Bombing Scene Investigation. The procedures recommended
in the Guide can help to ensure that
more investigations are successfully concluded through the proper
identification, collection, and examination of all relevant forensic evidence. Dr. John C. Hitt
v
Technical Working Group for Bombing Scene Investigation
|
T |
he Technical Working Group for Bombing Scene Investigation
(TWGBSI) is a multidisciplinary group of content area
experts from the United States, Canada, and Israel, each representing his or
her respective agency or practice. Each of these individuals is experienced in
the investigation of explosions, the analysis of evidence gathered, or the use
in the criminal justice system of information produced by the investigation.
They represent such entities as fire departments, law enforcement agencies,
forensic laboratories, private companies, and government agencies.
At the outset of the TWGBSI effort, the National Institute of
Justice
(NIJ) and the National Center for Forensic Science
(NCFS) created the National Bombing Scene Planning Panel (NBSPP)—composed of
distinguished law enforcement officers, representatives of private industry,
and researchers—to define needs, develop initial strategies, and steer the
larger group. Additional members of TWGBSI were then selected from
recommendations solicited from NBSPP; NIJ’s regional National Law Enforcement
and Corrections Technology Centers; and national organizations and agencies
such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and
Firearms, the American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors, and the National
District Attorneys Association.
Collectively, over a 2-year period, the 32 members of
TWGBSI listed below worked together to develop this handbook, A Guide for Explosion and Bombing Scene
Investigation.
National Bombing Scene Planning Panel of TWGBSI
Joan K. Alexander Roger
E. Broadbent
Office of
the Chief State’s Virginia
State Police
Attorney Fairfax,
Virginia
Rocky Hill, Connecticut
John A.
Conkling, Ph.D.
American
Pyrotechnics Association
Chestertown, Maryland
Sheldon
Dickie
Royal Canadian Mounted
Police
Gloucester, Ontario, Canada
Ronald L.
Kelly
Federal
Bureau of Investigation
Washington, D.C.
Jimmie C.
Oxley, Ph.D.
University of Rhode Island
Kingston, Rhode Island
Roger N.
Prescott
Austin Powder Company
Cleveland, Ohio
James C.
Ronay
Institute of Makers of
Explosives
Washington, D.C.
James T.
Thurman
Eastern Kentucky University
Richmond, Kentucky
Carl Vasilko
Bureau of
Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms
Washington, D.C.
Raymond S.
Voorhees
U.S. Postal Inspection Service
|
Technical Working Group for Bombing Scene |
Dulles, Virginia
Investigation
Andrew A.
Apollony
Federal
Bureau of Investigation
Quantico, Virginia
Michael
Boxler
Bureau of
Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms
St. Paul, Minnesota
Steven G.
Burmeister
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Washington, D.C.
Gregory A.
Carl
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Washington, D.C.
Stuart W.
Case
Forensic Consulting Services Pellston, Michigan
Lance
Connors
Hillsborough County Sheriff’s
Office
Tampa, Florida
James B.
Crippin
Colorado Bureau of
Investigation
Pueblo, Colorado
John E.
Drugan
Massachusetts State Police Sudbury, Massachusetts
Dirk Hedglin
Great Lakes Analytical, Inc. St. Clair Shores,
Michigan
Larry
Henderson
Kentucky State Police Lexington, Kentucky
Thomas H.
Jourdan, Ph.D.
Federal Bureau of Investigation Washington, D.C.
Frank Malter
Bureau of
Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms
Washington, D.C.
Thomas J.
Mohnal
Federal Bureau of Investigation Washington, D.C.
David S.
Shatzer
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms Washington,
D.C.
Patricia
Dawn Sorenson
Naval Criminal Investigative
Service
San Diego, California
Frank J.
Tabert
International Association of
Bomb Technicians and
Investigators
Franklin Square, New York
Calvin K.
Walbert
Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
Washington, D.C.
Leo W. West
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Washington, D.C.
Carrie
Whitcomb
National Center for Forensic
Science
Orlando, Florida
David M.
Williams
Lockheed Martin Energy Systems Oak
Ridge, Tennessee
Jehuda
Yinon, Ph.D.
Weizmann Institute of Science
Rehovot, Israel
Acknowledgments
|
T |
he
National Institute of Justice (NIJ) acknowledges, with great
thanks, the members of the Technical Working Group for Bombing Scene
Investigation (TWGBSI) for their extensive efforts on this project and their
dedication to improving the level of explosion and bombing investigations for
the good of the criminal justice system. Each of the 32 members of this network
of experts gave their time and expertise to draft and review the Guide, providing feedback and
perspective from a variety of disciplines and from all areas of the United
States, Canada, and Israel. The true strength of this Guide is derived from their commitment to develop procedures that
could be implemented across the country, from rural townships to metropolitan
areas. In addition, thanks are extended to the agencies and organizations the
Technical Working Group (TWG) members represent for their flexibility and
support, which enabled the participants to see this project to completion.
NIJ is immensely grateful to the National Center for Forensic
Science
(NCFS) at the University of Central Florida, particularly
Director Carrie Whitcomb and Project Coordinator Joan Jarvis, for its
coordination of the TWGBSI effort. NCFS’s support in planning and hosting the
TWG meetings, as well as the support of its staff in developing the Guide, made this work possible.
Additionally, thanks are extended to all the individuals,
agencies, and organizations across the country who participated in the review
of this Guide and provided valuable
comments and input. In particular, thanks go to the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco
and Firearms, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the National District
Attorneys Association, the American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors, the
International Association of Arson Investigators, and the International
Association of Bomb Technicians and Investigators. While all review comments
were given careful consideration by the TWG in developing the final document,
the review by these organizations is not intended to imply their endorsement of
the Guide.
NIJ would like to thank the co-manager for this project,
Kathleen Higgins, for her advice and significant contribution to the
development of the Guide.
Special thanks go to former NIJ Director Jeremy Travis for
his support and guidance and to Lisa Forman, Lisa Kaas, and Anjali Swienton for
their contributions to the TWG program. Thanks also go to Rita Premo of Aspen
Systems Corporation, who provided tireless work editing and re-editing the
various drafts of the Guide.
Finally, NIJ would like to acknowledge Attorney General Janet
Reno, whose support and commitment to the improvement of the criminal justice
system made this work possible.
Contents
Message
From the Attorney General
.............................................................. iii
Message
From the President of the University of Central Florida ................v
Technical
Working Group for Bombing Scene Investigation ...................... vii
Acknowledgments
..............................................................................................ix
Introduction ........................................................................................................1
Purpose and
Scope....................................................................................1
Statistics on Bombings and Other Explosives-Related
Incidents.............2
Background...............................................................................................4
Training
....................................................................................................8
Authorization ............................................................................................8
A Guide for
Explosion and Bombing Scene Investigation ..............................9
Section A.
Procuring Equipment and Tools .......................................11
Safety
............................................................................................11
General Crime Scene Tools/Equipment
........................................12
Scene Documentation
...................................................................12
Evidence Collection
......................................................................13
Specialized
Equipment..................................................................14
Section B.
Prioritizing Initial Response Efforts .................................15
1. Conduct a
Preliminary Evaluation of the Scene .......................15
2. Exercise
Scene Safety ...............................................................16
3. Administer
Lifesaving Efforts...................................................17
4. Establish
Security and Control..................................................17
Section C.
Evaluating the Scene
..........................................................19
1. Define the
Investigator Role .....................................................19
2. Ensure
Scene Integrity
..............................................................20
3. Conduct the
Scene Walkthrough ...............................................21
4. Secure
Required Resources.......................................................21
Section D.
Documenting the Scene ......................................................23
1. Develop
Written Documentation ..............................................23
2. Photograph/Videotape
the Scene ..............................................23
3. Locate and
Interview Victims and Witnesses............................24
Section E.
Processing Evidence at the Scene ......................................27
1. Assemble
the Evidence Processing Team .................................27
2. Organize
Evidence Processing..................................................28
3. Control
Contamination .............................................................28
4. Identify,
Collect, Preserve, Inventory, Package, and
Transport Evidence
................................................................29
Section F.
Completing and Recording the Scene Investigation ........33
1. Ensure That
All Investigative Steps Are Documented ..............33
2. Ensure That
Scene Processing Is Complete ..............................34
3. Release the
Scene......................................................................35
4. Submit
Reports to the Appropriate National Databases ...........35
Appendix A.
Sample Forms
.................................................................37
Appendix B.
Further Reading .............................................................47
Appendix C.
List of Organizations .....................................................49
Appendix D.
Investigative and Technical Resources .........................51
Introduction
“I
had imagined that Sherlock Holmes would have at once hurried into the house and
plunged into a study of the mystery. Nothing appeared to be further from his
intention. He lounged up and down the pavement and gazed vacantly at the
ground, the sky, the opposite houses. Having finished his scrutiny, he
proceeded slowly down the path, keeping his eyes riveted on the ground.”
Dr.
Watson
A
Study in Scarlet
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
Sherlock Holmes, the master of detectives, considered it
essential to be excruciatingly disciplined in his approach to looking for
evidence at a crime scene. While it is imperative that all investigators apply
discipline in their search for evidence, it is apparent that few do so in the
same way. Currently, there are no nationally accepted guidelines or standard
practices for conducting explosion or bombing scene investigations.
Professional training exists through Federal, State, and local agencies
responsible for these investigations, as well as through some organizations and
academic institutions. The authors of this Guide
strongly encourage additional training for public safety personnel.
Purpose and Scope
The principal purpose of this Guide is to provide an investigative outline of the tasks that
should be considered at every explosion scene. They will ensure that proper
procedures are used to locate, identify, collect, and preserve valuable
evidence so that it can be examined to produce the most useful and effective
information—best practices. This Guide
was designed to apply to explosion and bombing scene investigations, from
highly complex and visible cases, such as the bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah
Federal Building in Oklahoma City, to those that attract less attention and
fewer resources but may be just as complex for the investigator. Any guide
addressing investigative procedures must ensure that each contributor of
evidence to the forensic laboratory system is served by the guide and that
quality examinations will be rendered. Consistent collection of quality
evidence in bombing cases will result in more successful investigations and
prosecutions of bombing cases. While this Guide
can be useful to agencies in developing their own procedures, the procedures
included here may not be deemed applicable in every circumstance or jurisdiction,
nor are they intended to be all-inclusive.
Statistics on Bombings and
Other Explosives-Related Incidents
The principal Federal partners in the collection of data
related to explosives incidents in the United States are the Bureau of Alcohol,
Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the U.S.
Postal Inspection Service (USPIS), and the U.S. Fire Administration (USFA).
These Federal partners collect and compile information supplied by State and
local fire service and law enforcement agencies throughout the United States
and many foreign countries.
According to ATF and FBI databases, there were approximately
38,362 explosives incidents from 1988 through 1997 (the latest year for which
complete data were available) in the United States, including Guam, Puerto
Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Incident reports received by ATF and the FBI
indicate that the States with the most criminal bombing incidents are
traditionally California, Florida, Illinois, Texas, and Washington. Criminal
bombings and other explosives incidents have occurred in all States, however,
and the problem is not limited to one geographic or demographic area of the
country.
The number of criminal bombing incidents (bombings, attempted
bombings, incendiary bombings, and attempted incendiary bombings) reported to
ATF, the FBI, and USPIS fluctuated in the years 1993–97, ranging between 2,217
in 1997 and 3,163 in 1994. Incendiary incidents reached a high of 725 in both
1993 and 1994. Explosives incidents reached a high of 2,438 in 1994 and a low
of 1,685 in 1997. It is important to note that these numbers reflect only the
incidents reported to Federal databases and do not fully reflect the magnitude
of the problem in the United States.
Of the criminal bombing incidents reported during 1993–97,
the top three targets—collectively representing approximately 60 percent of the
incidents—were residential properties, mailboxes, and vehicles. Motives are
known for about 8,000 of these incidents, with vandalism and revenge by far
cited most frequently.
The most common types of explosive/incendiary devices
encountered by fire service and law enforcement personnel in the United States
are traditionally pipe bombs, Molotov cocktails, and other improvised
explosive/incendiary devices. The most common explosive materials used in these
devices are flammable liquids and black and smokeless powder.
Stolen explosives also pose a significant threat to
public safety in the United States. From 1993 to 1997, more than 50,000 pounds
of high explosives, low explosives, and blasting agents and more than 30,000
detonators were reported stolen. Texas, Pennsylvania, California, Tennessee,
and North Carolina led the Nation in losses, but every State reported losses.
Further information, including updated and specific
statistical information, can be obtained by contacting the ATF Arson and
Explosives National Repository at 800–461–8841 or 202–927–4590, through its Web
site at http://ows.atf.treas.gov:9999, or by calling the FBI Bomb Data Center
at 202–324–2696.
Background
National Bombing Scene Planning Panel (NBSPP)
The National Center for Forensic
Science (NCFS) at the University of
Central Florida (UCF) in Orlando,
a grantee of the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), held a National Needs
Symposium on Arson and Explosives in August 1997. The symposium’s purpose was
to identify problem areas associated with the collection and analysis of fire
and explosion debris. One of the problem areas identified was the need for
improved, consistent evidence recognition and handling procedures.
In spring 1998, NIJ and NCFS,
using NIJ’s template for creating technical working groups, decided to develop
guidelines for fire/arson and explosion/bombing scene investigations. The NIJ
Director selected members for a planning group to craft the explosion/bombing
investigation guidelines—NBSPP. At the same time, the NIJ Director selected a
fire/arson planning panel. The nine NBSPP members represent national and
international organizations whose constituents are responsible for
investigating explosion and bombing scenes and evaluating evidence from these
investigations. The group also includes one academic researcher. The rationale
for their involvement was twofold:
◆ They represent the diversity of
the professional discipline.
◆ Each organization is a key
stakeholder in the conduct of explosion and bombing investigations and the
implementation of this Guide.
NBSPP was charged with developing
an outline for national guidelines for explosion and bombing scene
investigations—using the format in the NIJ publication Death Investigation: A Guide for the Scene Investigator1
as a template—and identifying the
expertise composition of a technical working group for explosion/bombing scene
investigations. This task was completed in March 1998 at a meeting at NCFS; the
results are presented here.
Technical
Working Group for Bombing Scene Investigation (TWGBSI)
Candidates for TWGBSI were recommended by national law
enforcement, prosecution, forensic sciences, and bomb technician organizations
and commercial interests and represented a multidisciplinary group of both
national and international organizations. These individuals are all content
area experts who serve within the field every day. The following criteria were
used to select the members of TWGBSI:
◆
Each member was nominated/selected for the position by NBSPP and NCFS.
◆
Each member had specific knowledge regarding explosion and bombing
investigation.
◆
Each member had specific experience with the process of explosion and
bombing investigation and the outcomes of positive and negative scene
investigations.
◆
Each member could commit to the project for the entire period.
The 32 experts selected as members of TWGBSI came from 3
countries
(the United States, Canada, and Israel), 13 States, and the
District of Columbia. Because this technical working group dealt with explosion
and bombing scenes, a large portion of investigators and analysts represented
ATF and the FBI. The geographical distribution of TWGBSI members is shown in
exhibit 1.
Chronology of
Work
NBSPP meeting. In
March 1998, the panel met at UCF, under the sponsorship of NCFS, to review the
existing literature and technologies, prepare the project objectives, and begin
the guideline development process. The panel’s objective was to develop an
outline for a set of national guidelines based on existing literature and
present them for review to the assembled TWGBSI at a later date. During this
initial session, five investigative tasks were identified. Each task included
subsections that, when developed, provided a template of procedures for
investigators to follow while conducting an explosion or bombing investigation.
Exhibit 1. Technical Working
Group for Bombing Scene Investigation
Membership Distribution
|
Region |
Number of Participants |
|
Northeast |
20 |
|
Southeast |
8 |
|
Rocky
Mountain |
1 |
|
West |
1 |
|
International |
2 |
The completed Guide
includes the following components:
◆
A principle citing the rationale for performing the task.
◆
The procedure for performing the task.
◆
A summary outlining the principle and procedure.
TWGBSI assembled in August 1998. After introductory remarks
from the president of UCF, TWGBSI separated into five breakout sections to
draft the Guide, which includes the
following stages:
◆
Prioritizing initial response efforts.
◆
Evaluating the scene.
◆
Documenting the scene.
◆
Processing evidence at the scene.
◆
Completing and recording the scene investigation.
Once all breakout groups completed their work, the full group
reassembled to review and approve the initial draft. Editors from an NIJ
contractor attended each section to record the proceedings and guide the
editorial process. After the meeting, the editors reformatted the initial draft
and forwarded it to an agency representative so that it could be sent to all
TWGBSI members for comment.
Organizational review
and national reviewer network. After the TWGBSI comments were received by
NIJ, NBSPP met in November and December 1998 in Washington, D.C., to consider
and incorporate the comments, creating the second draft of the Guide. In addition, NBSPP members
recommended organizations, agencies, and individuals they felt should comment
on the draft document, which was mailed to all TWGBSI members and to this wider
audience in June 1999. The 150 organizations and individuals whose comments
were solicited during the national review of this Guide included all levels of law enforcement, regional and national
organizations, and bomb response units from the United States, Canada, and
other nations. A list of reviewers can be found in appendix C.
NBSPP members reassembled in August 1999 to incorporate the
comments received from the initial wide review. Following this meeting, a third
draft of the Guide was sent to all
TWGBSI members for discussion and review within their organizations and
agencies. In October 1999, the TWGBSI members met to review and recommend
changes to this third draft. Another national and organizational review
followed, and results were discussed by TWGBSI at a meeting in January 2000.
What follows is the final consensus document resulting from the final meeting.
Training
For each of the procedures
presented in this Guide, training
criteria will be developed and approved by NCFS’s Technical Working Group on
Fire and Explosions. These criteria will provide individuals and educational
organizations with an additional resource for providing comprehensive
instruction to public safety personnel. A current listing of institutions that
can provide training in the area of explosion/bombing investigation can be
obtained from NCFS (see appendix D).
Authorization
Federal, State, and local
statutory authority in explosion and bombing cases is enforced by the agencies
responsible for the specific incident and varies greatly depending on the
specific location and nature of the incident.
Note
1.Death Investigation: A Guide for the Scene Investigator, Research
Report, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of
Justice, December 1997, NCJ 167568.
|
Section A |
Procuring Equipment and Tools |
|
|
|
|
Section B |
Prioritizing Initial Response Efforts |
|
|
|
|
Section C |
Evaluating the Scene |
|
|
|
|
Section D |
Documenting the Scene |
|
|
|
|
Section E |
Processing Evidence at the Scene |
|
|
|
|
Section F |
Completing and Recording the Scene Investigation |
A Guide
for Explosion and Bombing Scene Investigation
|
This
handbook is intended as a guide to recommended practices for the
identification, collection, and preservation of evidence at explosion and
bombing scenes. Jurisdictional, logistical, or legal conditions may preclude
the use of particular procedures contained here. Not every portion of this
document may be applicable to all explosion and bombing scenes. The
investigator will determine the applicability of these procedures to a
particular incident. |
Section A. Procuring Equipment and Tools
Possessing the proper tools and equipment is key to any task,
and never more so than in emergency situations such as explosion or bombing
scenes. Because responders and investigators may not know the details of the
situation until arriving at the scene, prior preparation is vital. Following is
a list of equipment and tools frequently used by the investigative team at
explosion and bombing scenes. Equipment and tool needs are, for the most part,
determined by the actual scene. The list below may be used as a planning guide
for equipment and tool needs. Not every item and tool mentioned below will be
applicable for use on every scene.
|
A |
Safety
◆
Biohazard materials (i.e., bags, tags, labels).
◆
First-aid kit.
◆
Footwear, safety (i.e., protective shoes/boots).
◆
Glasses, safety.
◆
Gloves, heavy and disposable (e.g., surgical, latex).
◆
Helmets, safety/hard hats.
◆
Kneepads.
◆
Outerwear, protective (e.g., disposable suits, weather gear).
◆
Personnel support items (e.g., food, water, hygiene items, shelter).
◆
Reflective tape.
◆
Respiratory equipment (e.g., particle masks, breathing equipment).
General Crime Scene Tools/Equipment
◆
Barrier tape/perimeter rope.
◆
Batteries.
◆
Binoculars.
◆
Communications equipment (e.g., telephone, two-way radio).
◆
Evidence collection kits (e.g., latent print, bodily fluid, impression,
tool mark, trace evidence).
◆
Flares.
◆
Flashlights. ◆
Generators.
◆
Handtools (e.g., screwdrivers, crowbars, hammers).
◆
Knives, utility.
◆
Lighting, auxiliary.
◆
Tarps/tents.
◆
Thermometer.
◆
Trashcans, large.
◆
Tweezers/forceps.
Scene Documentation
◆
Compass.
◆
Computer and computer-aided design (CAD) program.
◆
Consent-to-search forms.
◆
Drawing equipment (e.g., sketchbooks, pencils).
◆
Logs (e.g., evidence recovery, photo).
◆
Measuring equipment (e.g., forensic mapping station, tape measure, tape
wheel).
◆
Photographic equipment (e.g., 35mm camera, Polaroid camera, videocamera,
digital camera, film, lenses, tripods).
◆
Tape recorder and cassettes. ◆
Writing equipment (e.g., notebooks, pens, permanent markers).
A
Evidence Collection
◆
Bags, new (e.g., sealable, nylon).
◆
Boxes, corrugated/fiberboard.
◆
Brushes and brooms.
◆
Cans, new (e.g., unlined).
◆
Evidence flags/cones.
◆
Evidence placards.
◆
Evidence tags.
◆
Evidence sealing tape.
◆
Gloves (i.e., disposable cotton, disposable latex).
◆
Grid markers.
◆
Heat sealer.
◆
Magnets.
◆
Outerwear, protective (e.g., disposable suits, shoe covers).
◆
Rakes, spades, and shovels.
◆
Sifters/screens.
◆
Swabbing kits.
◆
Trowels.
◆
Vacuum.
Specialized Equipment
◆
Aerial survey/photography equipment (e.g., helicopter).
◆
Chemical test kits and vapor detectors.
◆
Construction equipment, heavy.
◆
Extrication/recovery equipment.
◆
GPS (global positioning system) equipment.
◆
Ladders.
◆
Trace explosives detectors (e.g., sniffers) and/or detection canines.
Section B. Prioritizing Initial Response Efforts
Note: Safety concerns should be continually
addressed beginning with the initial response effort. Implementation of the
procedures in this section will be determined by the scene circumstances.
1. Conduct a Preliminary
Evaluation of the Scene
|
B |
Principle: First responders (the first public
safety personnel to arrive at the scene, whether law enforcement officers,
firefighters, or emergency medical services (EMS) personnel) must assess the
scene quickly yet thoroughly to determine the course of action to be taken.
This assessment should include the scope of the incident, emergency services
required, safety concerns, and evidentiary considerations.
Procedure: Upon arrival
at the scene, first responders should:
A.
Establish a command post/implement an incident
commandsystem (i.e., a point of contact and line of communication and authority
for other public safety personnel).
B.
Request emergency services from bomb technicians,
firefighters,EMS personnel, and law enforcement officers.
C.
Identify scene hazards, such as structural collapse,
blood-borne pathogens, hazardous chemicals, and secondary explosive devices.
D.
Identify witnesses, victims, and the presence of
evidence.
E.
Preserve potentially transient physical evidence (e.g.,
evidencepresent on victims, evidence that may be compromised by weather
conditions).
DANGER:
Beware of secondary devices!
The scene may contain secondary explosive
devices designed specifically to kill or maim public safety responders. Do not
touch any suspicious items. If a suspected secondary device is located,
immediately evacuate the area and contact bomb disposal personnel.
|
Summary: |
Based on the preliminary evaluation, first responders will
initiate an incident command system, request emergency services, and identify
scene hazards and evidentiary concerns. |
|
2. |
Exercise Scene Safety |
|
Principle: |
Safety overrides all other concerns. First responders must
take steps to identify and remove or mitigate safety hazards that may further
threaten victims, bystanders, and public safety personnel. They must exercise
due caution while performing emergency operations to avoid injuries to
themselves and others. |
|
Procedure: |
Following the preliminary evaluation of the scene, first |
responders should:
A.
Request additional resources and personnel (e.g., bomb
techni-cians, building inspectors, representatives from utility companies, such
as gas, water, and electric) to mitigate identified hazards.
B.
Use tools and personal protective equipment appropriate
to thetask during all operations.
C.
Request and/or conduct a safety sweep of the area by
personnelqualified to identify and evaluate additional hazards and safety
concerns.
D.
Mark hazard areas clearly and designate safety zones to
receivevictims and evacuees.
|
Summary: |
To ensure safety, first responders will take steps to
identify, evaluate, and mitigate scene hazards and establish safety zones. |
|
3. |
Administer Lifesaving Efforts |
|
Principle: |
First responders’ primary responsibility is to rescue
living victims and provide treatment for life-threatening injuries. While
performing emergency operations, they are to preserve evidence and avoid
disturbing areas not directly involved in the rescue activities, including
those areas containing fatalities. |
|
Procedure: |
After performing a preliminary evaluation and establishing
scene safety, first responders should: |
A.
Initiate rescues of severely injured and/or trapped
victims.
B.
Evacuate ambulatory victims, perform triage, and treat
life-threatening injuries.
C.
Leave fatalities and their surroundings undisturbed.
Removal offatalities will await authorization.
D.
Avoid disturbing areas not directly involved in rescue
activities.
Summary: Lifesaving efforts are first
responders’ priority. Additionally, care should be taken not to disturb areas
where rescue activities are not taking place.
4. Establish Security and Control
Principle: First responders will establish
control and restrict scene access to essential personnel, thereby aiding rescue
efforts and scene preservation. First responders will initiate documentation.
Procedure: To establish
security and control, first responders should:
A.
Set up a security perimeter.
B.
Restrict access into and out of the scene through the
securityperimeter (e.g., control media, bystanders, nonessential personnel).
C.
Establish staging areas to ensure that emergency
vehicles haveaccess into the area.
D.
Initiate documentation of the scene as soon as
conditions permit(e.g., taking notes, identifying witnesses,
videotaping/photographing bystanders).
Summary: First responders will establish a
controlled security perimeter, designate staging areas, and initiate
documentation. This will set the stage for the subsequent investigation.
Section C. Evaluating the Scene
Note: At the time the scene is determined to involve a bombing or other
crime, the investigator must address legal requirements for scene access,
search, and evidence seizure.
1. Define the Investigator Role
Principle: The investigator must coordinate
with the incident commander and first responders to determine what occurred and
to assess the current situation. Subsequent procedures will vary depending on
the magnitude of the incident.
|
C |
Procedure: Upon arriving at and prior to
entering the scene, the investigator should:
A.
Identify and introduce himself or herself to the
incidentcommander.
B.
Interview the incident commander and first responders
to evaluatethe situation, including safety concerns, and determine the level of
investigative assistance needed.
C.
Conduct a briefing with essential personnel (e.g., law
enforce-ment, fire, EMS, hazardous materials, and utility services personnel)
to:
◆
Evaluate initial scene safety to the extent possible prior to entry.
◆
Ensure that a search for secondary explosive devices has been conducted.
Caution: Only bomb disposal
personnel should handle any suspected devices that are located. Take no further
action until the devices have been identified or rendered safe.
◆
Ensure that the scene has been secured, that a perimeter and staging
areas for the investigation have been established, and that all personnel have
been advised of the need to prevent contamination of the scene.
◆
Ensure that the chain of custody is initiated for evidence that may have
been previously collected.
D. Assess legal
considerations for scene access (e.g., exigent circumstances, consent,
administrative/criminal search warrants).
|
Summary: |
The investigator will conduct a briefing to ensure scene
safety and security, while addressing the issue of secondary devices. |
|
2. |
Ensure Scene Integrity |
|
Principle: |
The
investigator must ensure the integrity of the scene by establishing security
perimeters and staging areas, contamination control procedures, and evidence
collection and control procedures. |
|
Procedure: |
Prior to evidence collection, the investigator should: |
A.
Establish procedures to document personnel entering and
exitingthe scene.
B.
Establish and document procedures to prevent scene
contamina-tion.
C.
Establish and document procedures for evidence
collection,control, and chain of custody (see the sample evidence recovery and
chain of custody logs in appendix A).
Summary: The investigator will establish and
document procedures to protect the integrity of the scene.
3. Conduct the Scene Walkthrough
Principle: The investigator must conduct a
walkthrough to establish scene parameters and acquire an overview of the
incident.
Procedure: During the
scene walkthrough, the investigator should:
A.
Reevaluate scene requirements (e.g., boundaries,
personnel,equipment).
B.
Establish an entry and exit path for personnel.
C.
Be alert to safety concerns (e.g., structural damage,
secondarydevices, unconsumed explosive materials, failed utilities, hazardous
materials) and to the locations of physical evidence.
D.
Ensure preservation and/or collection of transient
evidence.
E.
Attempt to locate the seat(s) of the explosion(s).
|
Summary: |
The investigator’s initial walkthrough will be an
opportunity to identify evidence and the presence of safety hazards. |
|
4. |
Secure Required Resources |
|
Principle: |
Following the walkthrough, the investigator should meet
with available emergency responders and investigative personnel to determine
what resources, equipment, and additional personnel may be needed. |
|
Procedure: |
During the course of this meeting, the investigator |
should:
A.
Assess the nature and scope of the investigation
through infor-mation obtained during the walkthrough and from all available
personnel.
B.
Advise personnel of any secondary devices or other
hazardsfound at the scene.
C.
Ensure that one list of victims/potential witnesses is
developedand that their accounts of the incident are documented.
D.
Ensure that required evidence collection equipment, as
well asprocessing and storage facilities, are available.
E.
Secure required equipment as determined by the scene
condi-tions, such as light and heavy equipment, handtools, specialty equipment,
and personal safety items.
F.
Ensure that sufficient utilities and support services
are requested(e.g., electricity, food, trash removal, sanitary services, other
public services, security).
G.
Advise emergency responders and the investigation team
of theirassignments for scene documentation and processing.
H.
Remind personnel that evidence can take many forms; it
is notlimited solely to components of the device(s).
Summary: The investigator will meet with
emergency responders and investigative personnel in preparation for scene
documentation and processing.
Section D. Documenting the
Scene
1. Develop Written Documentation
Principle: The investigator will prepare
written scene documentation to become part of the permanent record.
Procedure: The
investigator should:
A.
Document access to the scene (see the sample access
control login appendix A).
B.
Document activities, noting dates and times, associated
with theincident and the investigation (see the sample activity log in appendix
A).
|
D |
C.
Describe the overall scene in writing, noting physical
and envi-ronmental conditions (e.g., odors, weather, structural conditions)
(see the sample narrative description in appendix A).
D.
Diagram and label scene features using sketches, floor
plans, andarchitectural or engineering drawings.
E.
Describe and document the scene with measuring
equipment,which may include surveying equipment, GPS (global positioning
system) technology, or other available equipment.
Summary: Investigators must prepare written
scene documentation as part of the permanent record of the incident, which will
serve as the foundation for any incident reconstructions and future
proceedings.
2. Photograph/Videotape the Scene
Principle: The investigator must ensure that
photographic documentation is included in the permanent scene record. This
documentation should be completed prior to the removal or disturbance of any
items.
Procedure: The investigator
should:
A.
Record overall views of the scene (e.g., wide angle,
aerial, 360-degree) to spatially relate items within and to the scene and
surrounding area. (A combination of still photography, videotaping, and other
techniques is most effective.)
B.
Consider muting the audio portion of any video
recording unlessthere is narration.
C.
Minimize the presence of scene personnel in
photographs/videos.
D.
Consider photographing/videotaping the assembled crowd.
E.
Maintain photo and video logs (see the sample photographic
login appendix A).
|
Summary: |
The investigator will ensure the photographic documentation
of the scene to supplement the written documentation in preparation for scene
reconstruction efforts and any future proceedings. |
|
3. |
Locate and
Interview Victims and Witnesses |
|
Principle: |
The investigator will obtain victims’/witnesses’
identities, statements, and information concerning their injuries. |
|
Procedure: |
The investigator should: |
A.
Identify and locate witnesses (e.g., victims who may
have beentransported, employees, first responders, delivery/service personnel,
neighbors, passers-by) and prioritize interviews.
B.
Attempt to obtain all available identifying data
regarding victims/witnesses (e.g., full name, address, date of birth, work and
home telephone numbers) prior to their departure from the scene.
C.
Establish each witness’ relationship to or association
with thescene and/or victims.
D.
Establish the basis of the witness’ knowledge: How does
thewitness have knowledge of the incident? E. Obtain statements from each
witness.
F.
Document thoroughly victims’ injuries and correlate
victims’locations at the time of the incident with the seat(s) of the
explosion(s).
G.
Interview the medical examiner/coroner and hospital
emergencypersonnel regarding fatalities and injuries.
Summary: The investigator must attempt to
determine the locations of all victims and witnesses. Victim and witness
statements and information about their injuries may be essential to establishing
the nature of the device and the circumstances of the incident.
Section E. Processing
Evidence at the Scene
Note: At the time the scene is determined to
involve a bombing or other crime, the investigator must address legal
requirements for scene access, search, and evidence seizure.
1. Assemble the Evidence
Processing Team
Principle: Effective organization and composition
of the evidence processing team ensure the proper collection and preservation
of evidence.
|
E |
Procedure: The size of
the evidence processing team depends on the magnitude of the scene, but the
investigator needs to ensure that the following roles and expertise are
addressed:
A.
Bomb disposal technician.
B.
Evidence custodian.
C.
Forensic specialist.
D.
Logistics specialist.
E.
Medical examiner.
F.
Photographer (still, digital, video, etc.).
G.
Procurement specialist.
H.
Safety specialist (structural engineer, etc.).
I.
Searchers/collectors.
J.
Sketch artist.
Summary: Attention to the organization and
composition of the evidence processing team facilitates effective evidence
collection and preservation.
2. Organize
Evidence Processing
Principle: Good
organization is essential to evidence collection and
preservation. The investigator must continually evaluate
the scene, adapt to changes as they occur, and brief the team.
Procedure: Before
deploying the team, the investigator should:
A.
Review and reevaluate:
◆
The boundaries of the scene.
◆
Safety concerns.
◆
Command post and staging locations.
◆
Evidence processing and storage locations.
◆
Personnel and equipment requirements.
◆
Legal and administrative considerations.
B.
Identify the search procedure for the scene.
C.
Ensure that transient physical evidence has been
preserved andcollected.
D.
Consider onsite explosives detection (e.g., trace
explosivesdetection, use of canines, chemical tests) by qualified personnel. E.
Brief the team and review assignments.
Summary: Prior to evidence collection and
throughout the process, the investigator will review the scene, adapt to
changes, and brief the team.
3. Control
Contamination
Principle: Preventing contamination protects
the integrity of the scene and other search areas, the integrity of the
evidence for forensic analyses, and the safety of personnel.
28
Procedure: The investigator should ensure that
evidence processing personnel:
A.
Use clean protective outergarments and equipment as
applicablefor each scene.
B.
Consider obtaining control samples as applicable (e.g.,
evidencecontainers, swabs of equipment and personnel).
C.
Package collected evidence in a manner that prevents
loss,degradation, or contamination.
D.
Package, store, and transport evidence from different
scenes orsearches in separate external containers.
|
Summary: |
Proper collection, packaging, transportation, and storage
will minimize contamination and ensure the integrity of the evidence. |
|
4. |
Identify, Collect, Preserve, Inventory, Package, and Transport Evidence |
|
Principle: |
The search focuses on the discovery of physical evidence
that may establish that a crime was committed and link elements of the crime
to possible suspects. |
|
Procedure: |
To maximize the recovery and evaluation of all types of |
physical evidence, the investigator should ensure:
A.
The preparation of an evidence recovery log (see the
sample inappendix A) that documents information such as:
◆
Item number.
◆
Description.
◆
Location found (grid number if used).
◆
Collector’s name.
◆
Markings (either directly on the item or indirectly on the package).
◆
Packaging method.
◆
Miscellaneous comments.
B.
The identification of evidence by:
◆
Assigning personnel to designated search areas.
◆
Initiating scene-specific search pattern(s) and procedures, including
examination of immobile structures for possible evidence.
◆
Attempting to determine the method of bomb delivery.
◆
Establishing the seat(s) of the explosion(s), if present.
◆
Documenting blast effects (e.g., structural damage, bent signs, thermal
effects, fragmentation).
◆
Examining the crater, vehicles, structures, etc.
◆
Documenting the location(s) of victims prior to and after the explosion.
◆
Ensuring that victims are examined for bomb component fragments.
Autopsies should include full-body x-rays. C. The collection of evidence,
including: ◆ Suspected
bomb components and fragments, including those recovered from victims.
◆
Suspected materials used in the construction and transportation of the
explosive device(s) (e.g., tape, batteries, manuals, vehicles).
◆
Crater material.
◆
Residues and other trace evidence (using swabbing techniques).
◆
Additional items of evidence (e.g., blood, hair, fiber, fingerprints,
tire tracks, weapons, documents, tools). ◆
Comparison samples of indigenous materials. D. That evidence is:
◆
Photographed.
◆
Packaged and preserved in containers.
◆
Labeled (e.g., date, collector’s initials, item number, location).
◆
Recorded in the evidence recovery log.
◆
Secured in the designated storage location.
30
E. The labeling, transportation,
and storage of evidence by: ◆
Placing evidence from different locations or searches in separate
external containers.
◆
Labeling evidence for storage and shipment, including identification of
hazards.
◆
Arranging for transportation of the evidence.
Summary: Identification, collection,
preservation, and packaging of evidence must be conducted in a manner that
protects the item, minimizes contamination, and maintains the chain of custody.
These steps assist in establishing the elements of a possible crime and provide
the basis for thorough, accurate, and objective investigation and prosecution processes.
Section F. Completing and
Recording the Scene Investigation
1. Ensure
That All Investigative Steps Are Documented
Principle: To ensure that the permanent record
will be complete, the investigator should review all documentation before
releasing the scene.
Procedure: The investigator should verify that
the following have been addressed:
|
F |
A. Documentation
of major events and time lines related to theincident.
B.
Personnel access log (see the sample in appendix A).
C.
Activity log (see the sample in appendix A).
D. Review
of interviews and events.
E.
Narrative description of the scene (see the sample in
appendix A).
F.
Photo and video logs (see the sample in appendix A).
G. Diagrams,
sketches, and evidence mapping.
H. Evidence
recovery log (see the sample in appendix A).
Summary: By accounting for all investigative
steps prior to leaving the scene, the investigator ensures an accurate and
thorough representation of the scene for the permanent record.
2. Ensure That Scene Processing Is
Complete
Principle: The scene may be released only upon
conclusion of the onsite investigation and a thorough evidence collection
process.
Procedure: The investigator should perform a
critical review of the scene investigation with all personnel, to include the
following actions:
A.
Discuss with team members, including those not present
at thescene, preliminary scene findings and critical issues that arose during
the incident.
B.
Ensure that all identified evidence is in custody.
C.
Recover and inventory equipment.
D.
Decontaminate equipment and personnel.
E.
Photograph and/or videotape the final condition of the
scenejust before it is released.
F.
Address legal considerations.
G.
Discuss postscene issues (e.g., forensic testing,
insuranceinquiries, interview results, criminal histories).
H.
Communicate and document postscene responsibilities.
Summary: The investigator will review the
scene investigation to ensure that it is complete and that postscene issues are
addressed.
3. Release
the Scene
Principle: The release of the scene must be
documented. The investigator should ensure communication of known scene-related
health and safety issues to a receiving authority at the time of release.
Procedure: Upon
releasing the scene, the investigator should:
A.
Address public health and safety issues by performing
thefollowing tasks:
◆
Contacting public utilities.
◆
Evaluating biological and chemical hazards.
◆
Evaluating structural integrity issues. ◆
Assessing environmental issues.
B.
Identify a receiving authority for the scene.
C.
Ensure disclosure of all known health and safety issues
toa receiving authority.
D.
Document the time and date of release, to whom the
sceneis being released, and by whom.
Summary: The investigator will ensure
communication of known health and safety issues to a receiving authority upon
releasing the scene and will document the release.
4. Submit Reports to the
Appropriate National Databases
Principle: Detailed technical information
regarding explosive devices is collected, integrated, and disseminated via national
databases. These data help authorities identify the existence of serial
bombers, the sophistication of explosive devices being used, and the need for
uniform procedures and further development of equipment.
Procedure: The investigator or authorized agency’s
administration should submit detailed reports to these databases:
A.
Arson and Explosives National Repository (Bureau of
Alcohol,Tobacco and Firearms).
B.
Bomb Data Center (Federal Bureau of Investigation).
C.
Uniform Crime Reports, National Incident-Based
ReportingSystem, and National Fire Incident Reporting System.
Summary: The investigator contributes to the
compilation of national databases that identify trends in explosions and other
incidents involving explosives.
|
A1. |
Consent to Search |
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A2. |
Access Control Log |
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A3. |
Activity Log |
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A4. |
Narrative Description |
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A5. |
Photographic Log |
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A6. |
Evidence Recovery Log |
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A7. |
Evidence Control/Chain of Custody |
Appendix A. Sample Forms
Following are sample forms that can be adapted for use as
needed.
CONSENT TO SEARCH
I, 
(Person giving consent) having been informed of my constitutional right not to have a search
made of my premises without a search warrant and of my right to refuse to
consent to such a search, do authorize Fire or Police Investigator,
(Name of Investigator)
or his designee,
to conduct a complete search of my premises known as
(Address of property) for the purpose of
establishing the cause of the explosion which occurred at my premises on .
(Date of explosion)
I am aware that
the search is being conducted to search for evidence of the cause of the
explosion and I agree to allow the above-named investigator or his designee to
take photographs/videotapes of the premises, to remove papers, letters,
materials, or other property, knowing that they may be submitted for forensic
examination and testing.
I am aware that
the above-named investigator or his designee will be on the premises for a
period of time and I have no objection to their entering and remaining on the
premises for a number of days. This written consent is being given by me
voluntarily and without threats or promises of any kind.
I know that I can
refuse to give this consent to search and I am waiving that right signing this
consent.
Person Giving Consent
Witness
Witness
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CONTROL LOG
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Remarks: |
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Initiated By: |
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Print
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Relieved By: |
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Print
Name/Call Sign Signature
Date/Time Relieved: Date/Time
Completed: |
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Supervisor’s
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The completed form is to be
turned over to the Investigating Detective. Page___ of
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G
EVIDENCE
CONTROL/CHAIN OF CUSTODY
Please Furnish Complete
Information
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Agency
submitting evidence |
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Delivered
by |
Accepted by |
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case # |
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Date of hearing, grand jury, trial, or reason why expeditious handling
is necessary
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Description
of evidence |
Exams requested |
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(This space for blocking) |
Appendix B. Further Reading
Beveridge, A. Forensic
Investigation of Explosions. London: Taylor & Francis Ltd., 1998.
Conkling, J.A. Chemistry of Pyrotechnics and Explosives. New York:
Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1985.
Cook, M.A. The Science
of High Explosives. Malabar, Florida: Robert E.
Krieger Publishing Company, 1958, 1985.
Cooper, P.W. Explosives
Engineering. New York: Wiley-VCH, 1997.
Cooper, P.W., and S.R. Kurowski. Introduction to the Technology of Explosives. New York: Wiley-VCH,
1997.
Davis, T.L. The Chemistry
of Powder and Explosives. Hollywood, California: Angriff Press, 1972.
DeHaan, J.D. Kirk’s
Fire Investigation. 4th ed. Indianapolis: Brady Publishing/Prentice Hall,
1997.
Encyclopedia
of Explosives and Related Items. Vols. 1–10. Dover,
New Jersey: Picatinny Arsenal, U.S. Army Armament Research
and Development Command, 1960–83.
Kennedy, P.M., and J. Kennedy. Explosion Investigation and Analysis:
Kennedy on Explosions.
Chicago: Investigations Institute, 1990.
The ISEE Blaster’s
Handbook. 17th ed. Cleveland: International Society of Explosives
Engineers, 1998.
Kohler, J., and R. Meyer. Explosives.
4th, revised and extended ed.
New York: Wiley-VCH, 1993.
Military Explosives.
U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force Technical Manual TM 9–1300–214. Washington, D.C.:
U.S. Army, 1967.
National Fire Protection Association. NFPA 921: Guide for Fire and Explosion
Investigations. Quincy, Massachusetts: National Fire Protection
Association.
Urbanski, T. Chemistry and Technology of Explosives. Vols. 1–4.
New York: Pergamon Press, 1983.
Yinon, J., and S. Zitrin. Modern Methods and Applications in Analysis
of Explosives. New York: Wiley-VCH, 1993.
Appendix C. List of Organizations
During the review process, drafts of this document were sent
to the following agencies and organizations for comment. While TWGBSI
considered all comments and issues raised by these organizations, this Guide reflects only the positions of its
authors. Mention of the reviewers is not intended to imply their endorsement.
Accomack
County (VA) Sheriff’s Office
Alaska State Criminal Laboratory
American Academy of Forensic Sciences
American Bar Association
American Correctional Association
American Jail Association
American Prosecutors Research Institute
American Reinsurance Company
American Society of Crime Laboratory
Directors
American Society of Law Enforcement Trainers
Anchorage (AK) Police Department
Arapahoe County (CO) Sheriff’s Office
Armstrong Forensic Laboratory
Association of Federal Defense Attorneys
Bridgeport (MI) Forensic Laboratory
Bristol (VA) Police Department
Broward County (FL) Sheriff’s Office
Brownsville (TX) Police Department
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms
Cameron County (TX) Sheriff’s Office
Campaign for Effective Crime Policy
Chicago (IL) Fire Department
Cincinnati (OH) Fire Division
City of Donna (TX) Police Department
City of Inver Grove Heights (MN) Fire Marshal
Clark County (NV) Fire Department
Cleveland State College Basic Police Academy
Commission on Accreditation of Law
Enforcement Agencies
Conference of State Court Administrators
Connecticut State Police Forensic Laboratory
Conyers (GA) Police Department
Council of State Governments
Covington (TN) Fire Department
Criminal Justice Institute
Delaware State Fire Marshal’s Office
Drug Enforcement Administration
Edinburg (TX) Police Department
Fairbanks (AK) Police Department
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Federal Law Enforcement Training Center, U.S.
Department of the Treasury
Florida Department of Law Enforcement
Florida State Fire Marshal
Georgia Bureau of Investigation
Georgia Public Safety Training Center
Town of Goshen (NY) Police Department
Harlingen (TX) Police Department
Hidalgo County (TX) Sheriff’s Office
Illinois State Police
Indiana State Police Laboratory
Institute of Police Technology and Management
International Association for Identification
International Association of
Bomb Technicians and Investigators
International Association of Chiefs of Police
International City/County
Management Association
Iowa Division of Criminal Investigation
Laboratory
Jefferson Parish (LA) Fire Department
Juneau (AK) Police Department
Laredo (TX) Police Department
Law Enforcement Training Institute
Los Angeles (CA) Fire Department
Maine State Police Crime Laboratory
Massachusetts State Fire Marshal’s Office
Massachusetts State Police Crime Laboratory
McAllen (TX) Police Department
Metro Nashville (TN) Police Department
Michigan Department of State Police
Mission (TX) Police Department
National Association of Attorneys General
National Association of Black Women Attorneys
National Association of Counties
National Association of Criminal Defense
Lawyers
National
Association of Drug Court Professionals National Association of Police
Organizations, Inc.
National Association of Sentencing Commissions
National Association of State Alcohol and Drug
Abuse Directors
National Association of Women Judges
National Black Police Association
National Center for State Courts
National Conference of State Legislatures
National Council on Crime and Delinquency
National Crime Prevention Council
National Criminal Justice Association
National District Attorneys Association
National Governors Association
National Institute of Standards and Technology,
Office of Law Enforcement Standards
National Law Enforcement and Corrections
Technology Centers
National Law Enforcement Council
National League of Cities
National Legal Aid and Defender Association
National Organization of Black Law Enforcement
Executives
National Sheriffs’ Association
New Hampshire State Police Forensic
Laboratory
New Jersey State Police
New York State Office of Fire Prevention and
Control
Orange County (CA) Sheriff’s Department
Pan American Police Department (Edinburg, TX)
Peace Officer’s Standards and Training
Pennsylvania State Police Laboratory
Pharr (TX) Police Department
Pinellas County (FL) Forensic Laboratory
Police Executive Research Forum
Police Foundation
Port Authority of NY & NJ Police
Rhode Island State Crime Laboratory
St. Louis (MO) Metropolitan Police Department
San Diego (CA) Police Department
Sitka (AK) Police Department
South Carolina Law Enforcement Division
Suffolk County (NY) Crime Laboratory
Tennessee Bureau of Investigation
Tennessee Law Enforcement Training Academy
Texas Rangers Department of Public Safety
Tucson (AZ) Police Department
U.S. Border Patrol
U.S. Conference of Mayors
Utah State Crime Scene Academy
Webb County (TX) Sheriff’s Department
Weslaco (TX) Police Department
Willacy County (TX) Sheriff’s Office
Wisconsin State Crime Laboratory
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Appendix
D. Investigative and Technical ResourcesAppendix D. Investigative and
Technical Resources Depending on jurisdiction, an investigator’s
initial points of contact should be his or her State or local fire marshal’s
office and/or State police. Following is a list of resources that may be
useful for further investigative or technical information and assistance.
This list should not be considered all-inclusive. A
current list of institutions that can provide training in explosion/ bombing
scene investigation is available from the National Center for |
Forensic Science.
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and
Firearms*
Headquarters Enforcement
Operations Center
888–ATF–BOMB
202–927–8050
URL: http://www.atf.treas.gov
Arson and Explosives National
Repository
800–461–8841
202–927–4590
Arson and Explosives Programs
Division
202–927–7930
National Laboratory 301–762–9800
Chemical Transportation Emergency Center (CHEMTREC®)
800–262–8200
URL: http://www.chemtrec.org Environmental Protection Agency
National Response Center 800–424–8802
URL: http://www.epa.gov
Federal
Bureau of Investigation*
Bomb Data Center
(preblast issues)
202–324–2696
URL: http://www.fbi.gov
Explosives Unit (postblast issues) 202–324–4341
Federal Emergency Management
Agency
U.S. Fire Administration 202–447–1000
URL: http://www.usfa.fema.gov
Institute
of Makers of Explosives
202–429–9280
URL: http://www.ime.org International Association of Arson
Investigators
314–739–4224
URL:
http://www.fireinvestigators.org
International
Association of Bomb Technicians and Investigators
941–353–6843
URL: http://www.iabti.org
International Society of Explosives Engineers
440–349–4004
URL: http://www.isee.org
National Center for Forensic
Science
407–823–6469
URL: http://www.ncfs.ucf.edu
National Fire Protection
Association
617–770–3000
URL: http://www.nfpa.org National Institute of Standards and
Technology
Building and Fire Research
Laboratory
301–975–6850
URL: http://www.bfrl.nist.gov
Royal
Canadian Mounted Police*
Canadian Bomb Data Center
613–993–7880
URL: http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/
U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
202–261–7600
URL: http://www.chemsafety.gov
U.S.
Postal Inspection Service*
Forensic/Technical Services
Division
703–406–7100
URL: http://www.usps.gov/
websites/depart/inspect/
* These are sources for criminal investigative assistance.
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